This book offers "Principles of Architectural Design" and "Architectural Design" as majors in architecture or architectural design at a higher vocational college. The teaching materials used in the course strive to reflect the characteristics of architectural design in the content arrangement, optimize the theoretical system, closely combine the major, highlight the supporting facilities with the design course, shorten the distance between theory and practice, and introduce the content, basis, requirements, and characteristics of architectural design, space and structural modeling, architectural composition rules, architectural design methodology, building external environment and group combination design, architectural plane, section, the contents of body shape and façade design, building technology and economy, etc.
This book can be used as a textbook and teaching reference book for architecture majors or architectural design majors in higher vocational colleges, and it can also be used as a reference book for engineering and technical personnel engaged in architectural design and teachers and students of architecture-related majors.
Architectural design
Architectural design is not only a basis for the construction of architectural entities but also a kind of artistic creation process that should consider not only people's material life needs but also their spiritual life requirements. In the process of architectural design, it is necessary to comprehensively consider various needs and solve various contradictions in a unified manner. Practice shows that all kinds of architectural design should deal with the overall layout, environmental conception, architectural function, architectural technology, architectural art treatment, and other issues.
General layout
From the overall point of view, the various factors of the indoor and outdoor space of the building are comprehensively considered, and the overall arrangement is made so that the internal functional requirements of the building and the external conditions are coordinated and organically combined. The design of the individual buildings in the building complex should be guided by the principle of the overall conception and be constrained by the overall layout. Therefore, the design concept should follow the "outside-in" and "inside-out" approaches. Let's start with the overall layout. According to the external conditions, solve the overall problem, and then carry out the combination of various spaces in the design of the single building. In this process, the design of the single building is coordinated with the overall layout and the surrounding environment in terms of size, volume, number of floors, building form, color, orientation, sunshine, traffic, etc., and the overall layout is adjusted and determined when the design of the single building tends to be mature.
Design Concept
The building should not only consider the internal factors such as function, structure, economy, and aesthetics but also the local history, cultural background, urban planning requirements, surrounding environment, site conditions, and other external factors. For example, a series of basic issues such as the orientation of the entrance of the building, the organization of internal and external traffic, the determination of the size of the body, the configuration of each part of the building, and the coordination between the architectural image and the surrounding environment should all consider external factors. Usually, start with the body shape to express the designer's idea. After the body shape is determined, the internal planar spatial organization is studied. The study of body shape is to solve the contradiction between internal and external factors and to solve the problem of the relationship between function and form. For example, the design of a museum mainly needs to meet the requirements of the visiting route, light, and line of sight, and the most important thing is the visiting route, which should be used as an internal basis for determining the body size and then adopting the appropriate body shape according to the external conditions.
Environmental conception
The size of the building
On the one hand, it is necessary to analyze the possible impact of the environment on the building, and on the other hand, it is necessary to analyze the position of the envisaged building in the natural environment. According to local conditions, combined with the ups and downs of the terrain, the natural scenery is organized into the vision of the building by using the width and narrowness of the water surface. If the building is located in a natural scenic area, the building should be in harmony with the natural environment. For example, the Chinese Embassy in the Federal Republic of Germany was built in the historic area of Bonn, where the terrain is undulating and the trees are so high that not a single tree can be cut down according to the requirements of the city of Bonn. In order to protect the environment, five courtyard houses were scattered in the jungle, which became a good example of the integration of architecture and environment. Therefore, a multi-story inner courtyard hall is popular in many modern buildings, using skylights to set up water surfaces, trees, mountains, and rocks to form an indoor natural environment, such as the atrium of the Haight Regency Hotel in San Francisco (Fig. 1), so that people can enjoy the natural interest while living in the downtown area. Classical Chinese gardens integrate architecture, landscapes, flowers, and trees and reproduce the natural scenery with the technique of "close to the mountains and forests." This approach has also been applied to modern architecture, such as the hometown of the White Swan Hotel in Guangzhou (see color map).
Architectural function
The function of architecture is developed and changed with the development of human society and the change of lifestyle. The basic starting point of all kinds of architecture should be to make the building show the utmost care for its occupants. In addition, the habits, hobbies, and psychological and physical characteristics of the user are taken into account. These are all related to the layout of the building, the building standards, and the internal facilities. Since the 1960s, behavioral science and psychology have been introduced into architecture, making the study of architectural functions more detailed and in-depth. With the development of the new technological revolution, there are also requirements for information functions and work functions in buildings. To solve the problem of building function, we can mainly start with the following aspects:.
Functional partitioning
A general building consists of many parts. The design of buildings with different functions should be combined into a number of relatively independent districts or groups according to the respective functional requirements of each part and their interrelationship, so that the building layout is clearly divided and easy to use.
In order to represent the use of the building internally, an analysis diagram can be drawn, often referred to as a functional diagram. A functional diagram represents the use of the program, the location and interrelationship of its components, and functional partitions. The following schematic diagram of the functional relationship of the canteen shows the flow of the diners, the process of food processing in the kitchen, and the relationship between the three main parts of the canteen: the kitchen, the meal preparation, and the restaurant. For buildings with complex functions, drawing this functional relationship diagram is helpful for design analysis and makes the floor plan of the design seem reasonable. Principles of architectural design.
Streamlined organization
People need to move in the built environment, and things need to run in the built environment, so the architectural design should arrange traffic circulation. A reasonable traffic flow line should ensure that each part is convenient and simple to connect with each other and, at the same time, avoid different flow lines interfering with each other. People are the main body in the building, and the flow of people should be taken as the leading line of the traffic route in the building, and the internal and external spaces of each part should be designed into an organically combined spatial sequence. The design of a museum should take the visitor route as the main line of the combined space and organize the various exhibition halls coherently and flexibly.
Planar space combination
The functions of various types of buildings are different, and their plane and space characteristics are also different. Some types of buildings, such as office buildings, hospital buildings, hotels, school buildings, etc., have small room areas and low heights and generally require better orientation, natural lighting, and ventilation; cinemas, theaters, gymnasiums, halls, etc., are mainly composed of tall spaces with the main body, and there are also small spaces that serve it, with a large and concentrated flow of people. There are several types of space combinations, which can be used separately or comprehensively.
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