The Human Factor and Its Design SC-2

 Section 2: The Ergonomics

   I, What about the ergonomics?

   Ergonomics, or ergonomics for short, are increasingly embraced in the world of architecture and furniture design. First of all, it is based on a concept, taking the people who use the product as the starting point of product design, and requires the shape, colour, and performance of the product to be designed around the physiological and psychological characteristics of people. Its knowledge base is derived from engineering psychology, anthropometry, preventive hospitals, technical aesthetics, etc. Then there is the design technology that is formed, including design guidelines and standards. These design techniques, combined with other design and manufacturing techniques in specific fields, result in ergonomic products that are healthier, more entertaining, and more enjoyable to work and live in.

    Therefore, Alphonse Chapanis (1917–2002). The term ergonomics is fully applicable to ergonomics; that is, "ergonomics is an applied discipline that applies knowledge of human factors to the design of tools, machinery, systems, jobs, work and environments to make them safe, comfortable, and effective to use.".

    Yang Gongxia (November 1929–October 11, 2021 ). He believes that ergonomics is a science that studies the relationship between the three major elements of human, machine, and environment in the system of "man, machine, and environment" and provides theories and methods for solving the problems of human efficiency and health in the system. This definition has the following key points:

1.     Among the three elements of man, machine, and environment, "man" refers to the operator or user, and the psychological and physiological characteristics of human beings and the ability of human beings to adapt to machines and environments are important research topics. "Machine" refers to a machine, but it has a much broader meaning than a general technical term to include all products and engineering systems that are operated and used by humans. How to design machine products that meet people's requirements and meet people's characteristics is an important issue for ergonomics. "Environment" refers to the environment in which people work and live, including environmental factors such as sound, lighting, temperature, and ubiquitous social culture, and their impact on people's work and life is the main object of ergonomic research.
2.  "System" is the most important concept and idea in ergonomics. The characteristic of ergonomics is that it does not study the three elements of man, machine, and environment in isolation, but rather, from the overall height of the system, sees them as an interactive and interdependent system. A "system" is an organic whole with a specific function that is composed of several components that interact and depend on each other. The "human-machine system" discussed in ergonomics has two components, man and machine, which interact and depend on each other through the self-displaying instrument, the controller, and the human perception system and the movement system, so as to complete a specific production process.
3. "Efficiency" mainly refers to the efficiency of people's work, that is, the efficiency and achievements shown by people when they complete a certain job according to certain requirements. A worker's productivity is measured by his or her efficiency and output. A person's effectiveness is determined by the nature of the work, the ability of the person, the tools and working method, and whether the relationship between the three elements of the person, the machine, and the environment is properly handled.
4. "Health," including physical and mental health and safety. In recent decades, people's mental health has received extensive attention. Psychological factors can directly affect physiological health and operational efficiency; therefore, ergonomics should not only study the physiological damage of certain factors, such as the direct damage of strong noise to the auditory system, but also study the psychological damage of these factors. For example, although some noise will not directly harm people's hearing but cause psychological interference, it can cause people's stress response.
5. "Comfort" should make workers, residents, and operators feel satisfied and comfortable. Of course, this is the higher ergonomics of the water. An unsafe, unhealthy environment is certainly unsatisfying and uncomfortable.
6. Once you understand a few basic concepts, you will be able to better understand the definition of ergonomics. The use of ergonomics involves all aspects of environmental and architectural design, interior design, and industrial design, from chairs, desks, bedding, sofas, kitchenware, beds, cabinets, wall cabinets, shelves, clothing, sports shoes, toothbrushes, car cabs, power station control rooms, and "pregnant assets, cabins, and ergonomics" everywhere. Sometimes, designers do not need special knowledge and will want to consciously avoid pigs based on personal experience and common sense, while sometimes they may find it difficult to grasp or turn a blind eye to the needs of users, which not only affects the efficiency of product use but also puts them at a disadvantage in the competition, so that the design will eventually fail.

    II, The terminology of ergonomics

         Ergonomics is currently generally utilized, particularly in ventures like transportation, furniture, and mechanical planning, and on the off chance that the items are not planned with an ergonomic mark, there is a doubt that they won't stay aware of the pattern. As a matter of fact, in the first place, ergonomics was the investigation of how to consolidate complex designs with human capacities. Also, this discipline has various names. Terms like human design incorporate human variables, human elements and human design, designing brain research, or ergonomics. These names are set in the US. Ergonomics is derived from the Greek word "subsequently," which signifies "work, work," and "nomos," which signifies "regulation, impact," that is, the law that investigates individuals' work, work impact, and effectiveness. The term ergonomics is generally utilized in European nations.Analysts like to utilize the term designing brain science. Scientists in industry like to utilize terms, for example, human element design, ergonomics, and ergonomics. While many individuals have barely any familiarity with the contrast between these terms, Mr. Chapanis makes an unmistakable differentiation between human variables and human design. "Human elements design is an applied discipline that applies human variable information to the plan of instruments, hardware, frameworks, occupations, work, and conditions, making them protected, agreeable, and compelling for human use," said Mr. Chapanis. The most standard term in this field in China is "ergonomics," which is fundamentally because of the different scholarly meetings on ergonomics held pretty consistently since the 1980s, the foundation of the "Public Ergonomics Society" in 1989, and the scholastic diary "Ergonomics" established in 1995. At the debut meeting of the "Chinese Human-Ergonomics Normalization Specialized Council" in 1980, the members talked about and chose to utilize the expression "ergonomics" in important, unfamiliar, and homegrown writing.

   III, The authentic improvement of ergonomics

        Ergonomics started in Europe and the US and has a background marked by over 40 years as a free discipline. The standards and techniques for ergonomics were first applied to military science and innovation in the Second Great War. For instance, in the plan for the inward compartment of tanks and planes, they examined how to empower warriors to work and battle really in the lodge and to make them work in a little space from here onward, indefinitely quite a while, to lessen exhaustion however much could be expected. After WWII, the training and exploration consequences of ergonomics were rapidly and successfully applied to space innovation, modern creation, engineering, and inside planning. In 1959, he established the Worldwide Ergonomics Association and distributed ergonomics. Starting around 1970, ergonomics has emerged to concentrate on various enterprises, like military ergonomics, compositional ergonomics, clothing ergonomics, VDT (Visual Showcase Terminal) ergonomics, traffic ergonomics, and security ergonomics. "Ergonomic" plan standards are widely known for both item fashioners and clients, and the people who overlook these issues are probably going to be arraigned for really hurting the client's wellbeing.

    IV, The ergonomics of each country

        The investigation of ergonomics and ergonomics in our nation can be traced back to the 1930s of the last hundred years. Around then, a few researchers who got back from concentrating in England and the US completed ergonomic examinations on the workspaces in Beijing, Wuxi, and different spots; however, only a modest number of studies and irregular work were done after the "Social Upset." In April 1980, the Public Agency of Norms laid out the Public Ergonomics Normalization Specialized Advisory Group to consistently plan, study, and audit the fundamental principles of ergonomics. The foundation of these two specialized councils has successfully advanced the improvement of ergonomics research in China. The prelude to Ergonomics likewise states: "Ergonomics labourers should endeavour to take part in research, yet additionally broadcast it to the entire society."